The term muscle sense may be synonymous with kinesthesia (Collins, 1986) in that kinesthesia was adopted to replace the former term (Clark and Horch, 1986). The dictionary definition of kinesthesia also groups together the various sub-senses within its class, including bodily position, weight, muscle tension, and movement (Collins, 1986) and also the sense of presence (American, 1982). Thus, under the heading of kinesthesis he included the perception of position and movements of our limbs, and different degrees of resistance and weight (p. Despite its etymology (Greek kinein, to move + aisthesis, feeling American, 1982]) meaning literally the feeling of movement, this term was intended to replace both the terms muscular sense, and sense of force which were previously in use (p. The specialised touch sub-system can be included together with the other specialised kinesthetic sub-systems including the sense of balance, force, linear or rotary self-motion, sense of limb movement and limb position (see below).īastian (1888) proposed the term kinesthesis to refer to the sensations which result from or are directly occasioned by movements (p. 5). The sensations of bodily movements, positions, and touch, all arise from the same system of receptors and so they can be conceived to belong to the same sensory system. Indeed, the sense of touch, or cutaneous sense, is itself not entirely based on data from skin receptors but also relies on sensations from muscles, tendons, and joints to perceive the shapes of objects being touched by moving the body around the object, and to perceive the texture of an object by exerting variations in pressure (Gibson, 1966, pp. 96) also use touch in this broad definition according to which Touch includes several other components, of which the one most significant for this discussion is the position sense. 5), who proposed the term kinesthesia (see below) noted that its cerebral seat or area corresponds with the sense of touch. The sense of bodily movement and position can also be conceived to be an expanded generalised version of Aristotles sense of touch. It is not simply a sixth sense to be added to Aristotles five classical senses. the doctrine of specific nerve energies held earlier this century has blinded later researchers to the fact that movement sensitivity does not depend on specialised receptors. ![]() Kinesthesia is not a new "sixth sense" but refers to perceptions which arise from various receptors located throughout the body: ![]() This is especially true for the perception of bodily movements and positions which arises from receptors throughout the body, including muscles, joints, tendons, skin, labyrinth, visual, audio, and an efferent discharge loop (see below). For example, audition and vision both utilise data from head and body movements which are used to achieve a variety of postural orientations from which to sample the visual or audio stimuli (Scharf and Houtsma 1986 Sedgwick 1986). ![]() This has been shown to generally not hold true. 9) explains how the five senses were based on a doctrine of specific nerve energies whereby a particular sense is thought to emerge from a particular sensory receptor. 266) use the notion of a sixth sense.ĭickinson (1974, p. Consequently Sir Charles Bell (1833) and others more recently (Fitt, 1988, p. The sense of bodily movement and position of ones own body does not fit easily into Aristotles classic senses seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, and touching. The internal / external distinction in concepts of proprioception / exteroception are not valid criteria for classifying sensory systems and so a concept of kinesthesia as arising in both internal & external data from receptors throughout the body offers an integrated model.Ī variety of terms, including kinesthesia, proprioception, somaesthesia, the haptic system, position sense, muscle sense, joint sense, and movement sense, have all been used in similar ways to describe aspects of the perception of bodily movements and positions. Variety of terms and conceptsĪ variety of terms and concepts have been used to describe aspects of the perception of body movements and positions, for example
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |